Thomas Hardy Was An English Writer Who Was Born On June 2, 1840 In Hig

Thomas Hardy was an English Writer who was born on June 2, 1840 in Higher Brockhampton Doretshire, England (Something About the Author 129). Hardy wrote form personal knowledge and experiences, his characters were real people of the time and settings consisted of places he had been. Many Things influenced Hardy's writings throughout his life including his early life, work experiences and his first wife Emma Gifford Thomas Hardy did not begin his education until late in his childhood. He started to go to school at the age of eight years old and continued on through public school for eight more years. Following these eight years of general schooling Thomas went off to London to study at Kings College for five years after which his father, a stonemason, apprenticed him early to a local architect engaged in restoring old churches. The Royal Institute of British Architects awarded him with a medal because of the excellent work he had done as an architect (Dorset May 12, 1999). Thomas inherited his fathers business, but decided to give it to his brother Henry to take care of, which gave him more free time towards his passion of writing. Hardy worked for this architect for five years while at the same time took up poetry writing with little success. Thomas started writing many poems after he had completed his apprenticeship, but all were rejected except for one entitled "How I Built Myself A House." This particular piece of literature was initially written for the entertainment of his friends, yet somehow appeared in Chambers Journal in 1865 (Dorset May 12, 1999). After minimal success with poetry Thomas turned to novels as a more reasonable approach to financially supporting himself through writing. By 1874 he had achieved his goal and was now able to maintain a stable life. The novels he wrote were not directly written as books, but in fact they were mostly published in monthly sections through magazines (as were many famous books of the time). Hardy apparently had to partially fund his first story that was named "Desperate Remedies." "Under the Greenwood Tree" was his first truly successful novel that was published anonymously in 1872. (Dorset May 12, 1999) Hardy used many of the places he had been and things he had experienced so far in his life to write this particular story. For example: the local village school he attended when was a boy makes an appearance in the book. Thomas Hardy was considered to be a fairly sharp person and he noticed that the way he wrote "Under the Greenwood Tree" had a positive response, so he decided to continue to write in this manner. "In 1870 he met Emma Lavinia Gifford, sister-in-law of the vicar of St. Juliot in Cornwall to whom he had been sent to plan a church restoration." (Dorset May 12, 1999) At the time social standings usually affected who got married to whom, but in this case, despite her high social position, Emma and Thomas fell in love and became married four years later. After the success of his first novel Thomas was hired to write a novel for Tinsley's Magazine. The title was to be "A Pair of Blue Eyes" and in parts reflected his relationship with his wife and was published in 1873. This novel was well received by his audiences and after good reviews he began another story, "Far From the Madding Crowd." The setting was in Puddle Town where he had family, so he knew it well, but it was renamed in the story to Weatherbury; an example of how he used places he knew in his writings. "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" was published in 1891 (Something About the Author 129) and is considered to be one of his greatest pieces ever written. This story was recently made into a movie (1979) named Tess because of how popular this proclaimed story had been. The final novel written by Thomas Hardy was "Jude the Obscure" in which he subsequently stated that "...sexual attraction is a natural force unopposable by human will" (Microsoft Encarta "Hardy, Thomas"). English critics very harshly criticized "Jude the Obscure" and his wife Emma was outraged at him because "...she took this as an attack on the sanctity of

Texas AM University-Kingsville Admissions Data

Texas AM University-Kingsville Admissions Data Texas AM - Kingsville has an acceptance rate of 82%, making the school largely accessible to interested students. In order to apply, prospective students will need to submit an application, standardized test scores, and official high school transcripts. For complete instructions and requirements, be sure to visit the schools website or contact the admissions office for assistance. Admissions Data (2016): Texas A M University - Kingsville Acceptance Rate: 82%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 420 / 520SAT Math: 430 / 540SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 17 / 23ACT English: 15  / 21ACT Math: 16  / 23What these ACT numbers mean Texas AM University-Kingsville Description: Texas AM University-Kingsville is a public, four-year university located in Kingsville, Texas, with the 250-acre campus just 40 miles from the beaches of Corpus Christi. The university also has another 545 acres nearby that support livestock management programs. TAMUK is the parent institution of Texas AM University-San Antonio. Texas AM University-Kingsville offers a long list of academic programs from its Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Business Administration, Education and Human Performance, Graduate Studies, Frank H. Dotterweich College of Engineering, Honors College, and Dick and Mary Lewis Kleberg College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Human Sciences. Academics at the university are supported by a 20 to 1 student / faculty ratio.  Students stay engaged outside of the classroom, and the campus is home to numerous student clubs and organizations, as well as  intramural sports including racquetball, dodge ball, and bowling. The university is also home to six fraterniti es and five sororities.   On the intercollegiate front, the AM-Kingsville Lions compete in the NCAA Division II  Lone Star Conference  (LSC). The university fields five mens and seven womens varsity sports. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 9,278  (6,811  undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 52% Male / 48% Female75% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $8,049  (in-state); $21,355 (out-of-state)Books: $1,344  (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,530Other Expenses: $4,217Total Cost: $22,140  (in-state); $35,446 (out-of-state) Texas AM University-Kingsville Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 87%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 77%Loans: 65%Average Amount of AidGrants: $9,788Loans: $6,781 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Biomedical Sciences, Business Administration, Communication Sciences and Disorders, Criminology, Interdisciplinary Studies, Mechanical Engineering, Psychology Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 71%Transfer Out Rate: 38%4-Year Graduation Rate: 15%6-Year Graduation Rate: 29% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Basketball, Track and Field, Baseball, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Cross Country, Basketball, Golf, Softball, Tennis Volleyball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Interested in Texas AM University-Kingsville? You May Also Like These Colleges: University of Texas at Arlington:  ProfileTexas AM University-Corpus Christi:  ProfileTexas AM University-Commerce: ProfileUniversity of Texas-Austin: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Texas-Pan American (UTPA): ProfileUniversity of Texas-San Antonio (UTSA): ProfileBaylor University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWest Texas AM University:  ProfileTexas Tech University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSam Houston State University:  ProfileTexas Christian University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas AM University Main Campus:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStephen F. Austin State University:  ProfileUniversity of Houston:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Texas AM University-Kingsville Mission Statement: mission statement from  tamuk.edu/administration/accred-mission.html The mission of Texas AM University-Kingsville is to develop well-rounded leaders and critical thinkers who can solve problems in an increasingly complex, dynamic and global society. Located in South Texas, the university is a teaching, research and service institution that provides access to higher education in an ethnically and culturally diverse region of the nation. Texas AM-Kingsville offers an extensive array of baccalaureate and masters degrees, and selected doctoral and professional degrees in an academically challenging, learner-centered and caring environment where all employees contribute to student success.

Criminal Justice Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Justice Law - Essay Example This essay studies the Criminal Justice Law itself and focuses on the concept of â€Å"Arrestable Offences†, defined under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. They enable police to exercise certain related powers like entry to premises, arrest, searches following arrest, and provisions while in custody. Definitions of arrestable offences under Section 24 of the Act include an offence for which the sentence is fixed by law; i.e. murder and offences for which a first time offender of legal age could be sentenced to terms of 5 years or more. Such offences constitute the most common ones including theft, serious assault, burglary and criminal damage. Some other offences are listed in a separate schedule of the act, which did not attract 5 year sentences but are to be considered in the same category as arrestable offences. These include offences like possession of offensive weapons, ticket touting etc. This list has expanded further with the inclusion of newly created offenc es and the number of exclusions dropped. Finally, the very concept of â€Å"Arrestable Offences† disappeared on enactment of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 which came into effect from 1st January 2006. The focus now changed to whether arrest is "necessary" in the sense of being under pressure of circumstance or physical or moral compulsion 4 to arrest the relevant person. 5. The change from a statute based decision to arrest or not, to a decision involving discretion on the part of the person making the arrest has serious implications especially in the context of the offenders’ rights.

International economics ( trade ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International economics ( trade ) - Essay Example This is so because they believed in a static international economic relations which means one can only gain if the other losses. Adam smith was the pioneer of classical economics who for the first time explained the term absolute advantage in the context of international economics in 1776. His theory of absolute advantage is based on a notion that the country should only manufacture and specialize in the goods which it can produce with the lower cost. Adam smith was a great proponent of free trade. His views of international trade are based on labor division and international specialization. Assume that there are two countries i.e. UK and USA which are trading two goods i.e. wheat and cloth internationally. UK produces wheat by hiring 10 labors whilst US has an advantage to produce the same amount of wheat by employing 6 labors. The above statistics reveal that US has labor specialization in the production of wheat and UK specialize in the production of cloth. This situation leads to trade between US and UK for wheat and cloth respectively. According to Smith’s theory of trade US should export wheat whilst UK should export cloth if they want to gain from the trade. Portugal has absolute advantage in wine and cloth production over UK. According to the theory UK will export cloth because its absolute disadvantage is less here as compared to the production of wine. Contrarily Portugal should export wine as its absolute advantage in case of wine is greater comparatively. Before trade production of wine requires 120 labors whilst cloth’s production involves 100 labors which means production of cloth is cheaper in UK. This is so because 1 unit of wine will cost 1.2 (120/100) units of cloths. More precisely, with a labor UK can either produce 1 unit of wine or 1.2 units of cloth. The situation is reverse in Portugal as it has absolute advantage in the production of both goods. However, the production of wine is cheaper

A Policy Brief Addressing a Significant Health Problem Facing Essay

A Policy Brief Addressing a Significant Health Problem Facing California - Essay Example Yet as a society, we are not making adequate investments necessary to ensure the health and well-being of all of our youth. During adolescence, young people confront new issues that affect their physical and mental health. These could be attributed to a number of varying factors. Similarly, young adults continue to experience many of the same challenges to their health and well-being. The health issues of teens and young adults are easy to overlook because they are not, for the most part, acute illnesses or chronic diseases. Instead, they are largely behavioral and social issues. Unlike the issues related to general health conditions that confront the society at large, adolescent’s health problems relate more to the lacuna in the societal interventions. Adolescents confront health issues that have multi-dimensional characteristics and implications. Addressing these issues requires change at multiple levels—from service delivery, to funding priorities, to community resources and environments, and, more fundamentally, to the behavior and attitudes of California’s adults. The World Health Organization’s definition can be taken as the standard in all areas of public health. According to the World Health Organization, health is defined as more than just the â€Å"absence of disease,† but rather a state of â€Å"complete physical, mental, and social well-being.† This broad definition has a lot of significance to adolescent health. Adolescent health encompasses not only the prevention and treatment of disease and disability. It features behavioral and social issues on an equal scale. Issues of safety, social relationships, self-esteem, education and skill development all figure into good health of adolescents. Thus, to make progress in improving adolescent health, a combination of perspectives and approaches is needed. Besides the disease components, interventions must address societal and behavioral

Struggle For Human Rights And International Law Human Rights Essay

Struggle For Human Rights And International Law Human Rights Essay In this essay, I seek to provide a deeper understanding about the constant struggle for human rights and international law, In first instant, I am going to make a small review about the meaning of human rights and international law, basing on general context, secondly, I will introduce us the capabilities approach of human rights in a framework for understand the universal declaration of human rights (UDHR) and finally, I am going to illustrate how the main elements affect the relationship between countries in the international system. For start with the development of the essay, it is important to have full knowledge about the main topic that I am going to develop during the course of the document, I mean, the human rights and the international law. So, we cam say that the human rights are rights to which everyone human being is entitled simply for because he or she is a human being. These rights do not necessarily have to be linked to a legal system and must not be protected by law, because as everybody knows, there are some of them that exist do not matter how, equally, it is very relevant to note that when these rights are stipulated within the legislation, the enforcing human rights is much easier. Also, due to the fact that most countries in the world agree that human rights are fundamental for living in a more harmonize international community, I mean, this is, shared by all people regardless of age, race, sex, religion, etc., so, if most of the people are agree with this, it tend to be classify as universal rights, and in order that these rights are taken into account in a global level, it was necessary the creation of a document in which is stipulated all the human rights, This document accepted as the foundation of international human rights law is the universal declaration of human rights passed by the United Nations (UN) in 1948, and which is use until today Within this document, there are include some of the rights that probably could be the most important ones in international terms; these human rights are linked with the ideas of justice, respect and equality. And as I said before, this rights are global, and as universal rights means that they are not necessarily conferred on anyone, but are simply inherent and due to all human beings. En plus, the thought of some countries are different with respect to the other, which may make different laws regarding these rights and some of them may not have any laws regarding them, some of the most frequent ones, are: the right to life the right to freedom of religion, the right to education and work, etc, later, we will see that this fundamental rights in many parts of the world are too often violated To deepen understanding of the struggle for global justice, it is important to appreciate the concept of international law, which is a complex process of authoritative and controlling decision operating across national and equivalent boundaries, at a minimum, to maintain world order. To this end, by way of an interpenetrating mix of command and enforcement structures both internal and external to states, this includes a variety of doctrines, principles and rules. We can said, that the field of international human rights has achieved the comprehensive and elevated global status of preferred world public policy. It supplies a framework for a world order of human dignity To begin, I want to give a clear explanation about the meaning of gender, because this is a very important issue when we want to talk about human rights, moreover, it is vital to identify that gender Is not only associated with the women, it also is related with men, because, this concept must be understood as a social and cultural construction which is based on biological differences that probably can cause inequalities in the international system; also, the gender contributes to an important analysis about the real situation of human rights, because, in the case of human rights violation, the gender analysis, could help us in order to know which are the action that the country have to apply. It is important to remember, that within the document there are included the rights of equal gender and the rights of non sex discrimination, so, the state have the obligation to protect in the same level both sexes. At this point I would like to make a lot of emphasis in the challenges that Colombia has with respect to the rights of women: One of the biggest challenges is related with the promotion of true culture of human rights in Colombia. Because the equality between men and women, and the realization of greater efforts in implementation and effectiveness of the policy to allow women to achieve true gender equality and contribute to the creation of the culture human rights; Also, the State must adopt measures to modify stereotypes and cultural patterns that cause discrimination against women, this will also help to achieve this purpose. The active role of civil society to complement efforts state is crucial, because as the recent Report of the High Commissioner recommends, the Government and the defenders of human rights have to develop and institutionalize a stable dialogue, both nationally and regionally, to achieve greater degree of understanding, and improve the promotion and protection of human rights throughout the country. Finally, I want to talk about the challenges of the state in relation to the internal armed conflict in Colombia. In this topic is important to remember the recommendation of the High Commissioner to the Government, to the illegal armed groups and civil society to no spare efforts to establish contacts dialogue and negotiation in order to resolve the armed conflict and achieving peace (). Also, the High Commissioner added in its recommendation that dialogue and negotiations should take into account, from the beginning, the human rights and international humanitarian law. One of the most famous example of violation of human rights is closed related with religious traditions, because the international law of human rights poses considerable challenges for religious traditions, here, I consider some of this challenges, particularly that raised by the idea of womans human rights. The international law of human rights has not been largely detached from religious world view, because a human rights law does not ignore religion as an aspect of peoples lives. International human rights law recognizes a right to freedom of religion and discrimination on the basis of religion is prohibited at international law. Historically, the UN general assembly adopted a declaration on the elimination of all forms of intolerances based on religion or belief, but the UN commission appointed a special reporter on religion intolerance, but the engagement of human rights law and religion has been by and large at a procedural level, concern with freedom of religion as an aspect of controversial, because some religious traditions cannot accept the idea of freedom to chose a religion. So, if human rights law has not engaged explicitly with religious traditions what have religious tradition made of human rights? In one hand, human rights and religious are intimately, if ambivalently, re lated in that religions provide a transient perspective by revealing a dimension of human life over and above the social and political order. Religions set a limit to the power pretend to be the unitary source of all authority. The tension between the region and the state is obviously in almost all the cases. In the case of Catholic Church this lack of engagement on the international level did not mean lack of interest in human rights issues. In wake of Vatican II, the church endorsed many human rights notions; the ideal of equality and human dignity is part of the catholic culture. Other think that is important, is that religious tradition are the idea of sanctity which supports humans rights, it also has been very active in the grassroots of human rights struggles in many parts of the world. Both leaderships from Rome and the work of local churches have supported and guided human rights movement in central and Latin America. The relation of Islam to human rights is more complex. Islamic religious law, developed in the second and third centuries of Islam. It is not a formally enacted code, but a vast body of jurisprudence in which jurists holy scriptures of Islam. It is a body of religious and moral directives and principles. It affects the thinking and behavior of Muslims the worlds over and it is the foundation of the institutions and customs of most Muslim societies. Because of the deep significance of the Islamic society belief that t should take precedence over any other legal system. The basis of international human rights law, the idea that a person has rights by virtue of being human, is foreign to Islamic jurisprudence. Indeed, many Islamic precepts are based on distinctions between humans- Muslims and non-Muslims, men and women, for example: the Islamic makes repudiation of Islam or, as we know from the salman Rushdie case, the expression of views contrary to Islam punishable by death. Recently, the Islamic world has made an attempt to come to grips with international human rights law. The declaration refers in its preamble to the charter of the UN and the international bill of rights, but does not endorse those instruments acceptance of a right to be free from slavery and the right to change ones religion. Many of international human rights guarantees are weakened considerably in the Arab charter. While the Catholic Church and the Islamic can claim an engagement with international human rights issues on some issues, they have played a negative and problematic role in other human rights context. The issue that has most often provoked this reaction is that of womans rights and it has fostered a striking and incongruous alliance between the 2 religions traditions. A coalition of the Islamic countries, the Holy See and some catholic countries has been most prominent at united nation conference The catholic and the Islamic religious traditions strenuously opposed placing womens health, reproduction and sexuality within a human rights framework, because the UN conferences work on a consensus principle, the coalition resisted a definition of the notion of reproductive health to include sexual health, the purpose of which is the enhancement of life and personal relations, and not merely counseling and car related to reproduction and sexually transmitted disease

Endgame by Samuel Beckett :: essays research papers

As stated by Cohn in her article " 'Endgame': The Gospel According to Sad Sam Beckett" there is much evidence given relating to the many comparable instances between the Bible and Beckett's â€Å"Endgame.† With this interpretation as well as the discussion about the significance of the title, and the constant reference to the end of the world, it is nearly impossible to see Beckett's â€Å"Endgame† as anything other than a post-apocalyptic tale. I found particularly interesting Cohn's relation to Beckett's Hamm and the Bible's Ham. Ham being the son of Noah, as Cohn states, he is responsible for the survival of life. In the Bible, Ham obeys the wishes of his father, and thus God, and devoted his life to the expansion of humanity and the earth's mere existence. As the Noah story tells, God, unhappy with the world, creates a mass flood that kills the entire world's population, barring a male and a female of every species. This boatload of beings was to start th e world anew, to try and make it a better place. If Hamm is supposed to be a comparison to the Biblical Ham, could it not also be considered the Biblical Ham if things had gone wrong? Hamm, throughout the story welcomes the apocalypse, curses God and is contemptuous to his own existence. If the Biblical Ham had been his contemptuous person, could God not have sent yet another apocalypse to yet again end the world and try again? Is Beckett trying to say that it took more than one try for God himself to get it right? I find this a much clearer reading then one of each character being part of the brain. The text supports this in many ways, most already supported by Cohn. Her evidence, however, lead me to this conclusion. Her description of the resurrections also works with this theory. The world had many resurrections, all in the pursuit of a better place. Basically I find this play an instance of "What if?" What if Ham (Biblical) had screwed up? What if God’s great plan of the flood did not work? I also find Beckett's description of the small boy, the glimmer of hope, to be an image of a savior, possibly Jesus. This savior is another attempt by God to make a perfect world. In relating this theory to that of the term "endgame" one can also determine that possible life, humanity is in a constant game with God, or some higher being.

History of Baseball Informative Speech

Did you know Babe Ruth wore a cabbage leaf under his hat to keep him cool? Did you know the odds of a fan getting hit by a baseball are 300,000 to 1? And did u know the shortest baseball player that ever played was recorded to be 3 feet and 7 inches? These are interesting facts I stumbled upon research, but I bet most of you did not know. There are many interesting facts that people like you and I don’t know about baseball throughout its history. Have you ever asked yourself where did baseball come from, who created it, or even ask what baseball went through in the past to receive its highly respected title?We watch baseball games for the sake of enjoyment like every other sport but most people, like myself, don’t know how it all began. For the past week I researched various websites about the history of baseball and found interesting facts about how baseball was created, what baseball itself has gone through up until today’s date to earn the title of â€Å"The American past time†, and how special its Hall of Fame really is. Babe Ruth once said that baseball was is, and always will be the greatest sport ever played.Baseball athletes and the baseball community as a whole continues to grow year after year as young athletes and sports fans gain respect for the hardship and practically year round battles players endure for the love of the game. From the little league series held annually in Williams Port Pennsylvania all the way to the major league, where every player has the same dream to hoist the world series Commissioners Trophy in front of their home crowd as they cruise the streets of their home city during the traditional World Series Championship parade. Baseball is based off of the English games of rounder’s.Alexander Cartwright founded it here in the United States. He would host games at Elysian Fields in New Jersey. The first major league wasn’t created until 1871 and it was called the National association. Baseb all began as what is known as the â€Å"Dead ball† era. It was a time period of larger fields, less home runs, and speed was a vital importance. The ball that was used to pitch with was typically used to the point where it began to unravel clever tricks. With that ball pitchers were allowed to scuff, cut, and spit on it, affectively being able to make the ball â€Å"dance† and harder to hit.People put the end of the â€Å"dead ball† era on the 1919 season when Babe Ruth hit an unheard of 29 homeruns. People began to pack the stands to see the long ball, so owners decreased the dimensions of the fields thus increasing the odds of someone hitting a homerun. They also added rules to the pitchers against scuffing and cutting, and the balls were switched out more frequently too. The MLB didn’t start until 1876 with the National league and then they brought in the American league in 1901. The first World Series was held in 1903 with the Boston Americans beating the Pittsburg pirates 5-3.Baseball hasn’t always been glorified as it was though. It experienced rough times in the 1940’s when African Americans weren’t allowed to play in the major league but thanks to Jackie Robinson and Larry Doby, they eliminated the racial discrimination in baseball and outside the baseball world. Baseball has also experienced rough times during the WWII and Vietnam era. During the time of war, players would go and serve in the military and baseball would have to replace them with less talented players. But Upon return, baseball returned to its once prestige self.The major league today consists of 30 teams. 29 spread across the U. S. and 1, the Toronto Blue Jays in Canada. We are now in what is called â€Å"the power age† because homeruns are much higher than what its worth and pitching is not as great. Every baseball player dreams to have their name put in the national baseball Hall of Fame. The Hall of fame is located in Cooperst own New York. Several feet’s are intoed there. 27 players hit 3000 hits in their careers. The most recent was Houston Astros Craig Biggio and only 3 players Hank Aaron, Babe Ruth, and Barry Bonds have more than 700 homeruns.But it’s not all about the hitters. There are great pitching sets Too. Only 2 pitchers have more than 400 wins and also there are only 4 with more than 4000 strikeouts. One of which Nolan Ryan, has 5000. So as you can see Baseball is a growing sport from the dead ball era all the way until the World Series today. Baseball has a long history. Understanding where baseball came from, what it went through, who created it, and mainly knowing its history and its impact it made is important to know in order to understand baseball.Work cited Wikipedia contributors. â€Å"History of baseball in the United States. †Ã‚  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 Oct. 2012. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. â€Å"Weird Facts, Interesting Fact s, Fun Fact, Trivia, Photos and Videos. †Ã‚  Weird Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"History. †Ã‚  Baseball Hall of Fame |. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Oct. 2012. .

How Drugs and Alcohol Affect Pregnancy and a Developing Child

How Drugs and Alcohol Affect Pregnancy and a Developing Child Introduction Alcohol and substance abuse during pregnancy are famous for the adverse effects they have on the fetal development during gestation. A lot of research has been conducted on this relationship and none so far has come up with any positive effects of alcohol on the growth or development of an unborn child of an alcoholic or substance abusing pregnant woman.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Drugs and Alcohol Affect Pregnancy and a Developing Child specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many people abuse various drugs throughout their lives including cocaine, methamphetamine, tobacco, prescription opiate, marijuana, and alcohol among others. However, most researchers seem more inclined to conduct studies on the effects of alcohol abuse than of any other drug, with tobacco being second in popularity. The reasons for this trend in research could be that alcohol’s effects are easily identifiable, es pecially since they are embodied in a condition known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, (FASD), which outlines a range of varying health disorders in newborn babies because of prenatal exposure to alcohol. Among these are; Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which affects children whose mothers consumed alcohol throughout most of the pregnancy, and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE), which are individual or separate symptoms of FAS, but are manifested in children whose mothers either drank less amounts or during specific semesters. Consequently, such children will exhibit a range of deficits in growth and development, but not to the full-blown level or combinations as FAS symptoms. The mothers may have consumed a lot of alcohol during the first semester only, which results in distorted facial features and retarded brain development. This paper will conduct a literature review of most of the studies that have been conducted in this field and further summarizing from them the adverse effects of exposing unborn babies to alcohol and drug abuse. It is important to note that such effects carry on into adulthood, although the physical manifestations are somewhat ameliorated during puberty spurts. However, mental deficits remain painfully obvious throughout the person’s life. Objectives This paper intends to bring to the awareness of pregnant women and their families the dangers associated with exposing themselves and their unborn children to both alcohol and substance abuse. Most of the research conducted in this field of study has been fragmented and disconnected from related research.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, it is the intention of the paper to link all these studies in a bid to generate a comprehensive display of both substance abuse and alcoholism during pregnancy and the effects attached to this form of deviance. In additio n to pointing out the morphological and Central Nervous System’s (CNS) shortcomings in such a child, the paper also intends to touch on the psychological harm that comes with such a condition, and its strain on the mother-child relationship. Aim The aim of such a display of adverse effects is to provide the public with comprehensive insight into what happens when one abuses any drug during pregnancy. Most FAS conditions have been diagnosed in children of young teenage mothers (16-22). The presumption behind these diagnoses is that these youth are not prepared to handle the responsibilities of child-care, right from the carrying of pregnancies to term. Consequently, they engage in binge drinking and substance abuse either to rebel or to cope with the stigma and rejection that is associated with pregnancy at this age. Mothers do not know the damage they are doing to the children in their womb, and this paper aims at creating this much-needed awareness. With knowledge comes empo werment, if they knowingly abuse drugs after glimpsing at the probable effect, it will not be in ignorance. Secondly, this study hopes to put together the propositions of previous research on how to counter the problem of fetal exposure to drugs. It will compile the proposals of past researchers and consequently have reformists adopt some of them during policy making to alleviate this problem from the society. Methodology I will compile the findings of related research while including the disclaimers given by such researchers over the accuracy of their findings. This includes indicating whether any steps were taken to eliminate other confounding variables such as post-natal exposures to socioeconomic difficulties and family problems, as well as mothers’ age and quality of antenatal care allocated to the unborn infant. Next, I will categorize the effects of substance abuse based on the drug in question across the board, i.e., I will combine all research that has been conducted on effects of tobacco for instance, then move on to those of cocaine, and so on. In other words, this paper will pick on the strengths of every study and avoid overlapping shortcomings, making it very reliable. For those studies with similar findings, they shall not all be included. The vein of the findings shall be adopted, and the different sources shall serve as additional evidence. Others with similar ideas but different characteristics shall be used to build on the already developing train of thought.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Drugs and Alcohol Affect Pregnancy and a Developing Child specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literature Review This paper derives its authority from several sources that have been cited as authority in the matter of fetal exposure to alcohol, and/ or substance abuse. These are reports on the findings of various researches including the methodology applied, the theoretica l frameworks, the strengths and weaknesses of each procedure, and recommendations for future researchers as well as for donors in terms of progressing corrective measures. Having already named them and given the topics here, in the next section of this paper where the paper discusses the findings, the write will just name the first two researchers and the title of their work then go ahead to report their findings. It is also important to note that within the above studies, are inclusions of other studies that the researchers compare or contrast their findings and methodologies. I shall include such in-text researchers where a relevant point is projected, but just to the extent which is mentioned under the current research. Findings Alcohol Alcohol is a teratogen. In other words, it is a substance that is harmful to the development of the body, both physically and mentally (Larkby, Day, 1997, p. 192). When a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, it is absorbed into her mainstream and abs orbed alongside food and oxygen by the fetus’s system. Consequently, the fetus becomes inebriated, and unfortunately, its â€Å"clean-up† mechanism that is responsible of ridding the body of toxic substance is not nearly as efficient as that of its mother. The alcohol is thus retained for long periods within the fetus resulting in the adverse effects of alcohol on fetal growth and development. A child may be born with withdrawal symptoms such as restlessness, muscle tremors, irritability, and eating and sleeping disorders (Nulman, Rovet, Stewart, 1997, p. 259). During the first trimester, particularly the first until the fourth week, the heart, the Central Nervous System (week 3 marks the beginning of brain development) eyes, legs, arms, ears, lungs, kidneys and genitals are the organs that are in development. Consequently, exposing the fetus to alcohol then can result into morphological deficits such as alterations in facial features as well as small eye openings (sh ort palpebral fissures). It can further result into the development of epicanthic folds on eyelids, short upturned nose, flattened philtrum, (middle ridge linking nose and lip) thin upper lip, flattened midface, underdevelopment of upper and / or lower jaw, and abnormal skull structure (Clarren, Olson, Clarren Astley, 2002, p. 315).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They also include mental development inhibition, which results in mental retardation and behavioral problems. In particular, such an individual’s brain parts are underdeveloped. These include the hippocampus, frontal lobes, corpus collosum, and basal ganglia. Consequently, they suffer delayed motor and speech development, hearing impairments, abnormalities in sleep patterns, and difficulty in adapting and responding to stimuli. One of the most effective tools used in diagnosing these deficits is the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (Loebstein, Koren, 1997, p. 195). Alcohol abuse during the third trimester causes growth retardation. Consequently, infants are born with a low birth weight and height and they remain thin and short through the rest of their lives. Some researchers carried forward their studies to investigate the continuance of these effects in the adulthood of the patient. Morphological features such as facial distortions are ameliorated during adol escence by puberty spurts as well as normal muscle development (Clarren, Olson, Clarren, Astley, 2002, p. 320). However, mental retardation remains. One study indicated that such individuals IQ ranges from a low 29 (completely retarded) to 105 (high average). Consequently, most of them have learning disabilities due to inherent mental incapacitation. Neuropsychological measures have yielded results that indicate that these individuals, (5-15) have difficulties in; processing and storing information, visual and spatial skills, problem solving-they cannot make complex decisions, and poor sequential processing. Behavioral problems that have been observed include hyperactivity, irritation during infancy, inattention, lack of concentration, lack of independent living skills, stubbornness, social withdrawal, and social problems such as depression and anxiety. Conduct problems include lying, cheating, stealing, poor communication, antisocial inclinations, and problems with substance and d rug abuse. Research has proved that the relationship between amount and duration of exposure can either be linear i.e. it is directly proportional and the more an expectant woman drinks, the more the damage caused on the infant. It can also be a threshold relationship (Nulman, Rovet, Stewart, 1997, p. 263). This came up with the few exceptional cases where alcohol did not adversely affect the fetus; therefore, there was a quest to establish the threshold amount of alcohol that can be consumed without affecting the unborn baby. Unfortunately, for drinkers, no such amount has been established this far because different people react differently to different amounts of alcohol consumed. Most researchers noted age of the mother, socioeconomic status after birth, maternal rejection of the infant and maternal co morbidity with medical or psychiatric disorders as the confounding variables of their research but that once controlled, however, these factors have negligent effects on the findi ngs. Tobacco Research has proved the directly proportional relationship (linear) between maternal smoking during pregnancy and criminal inclination and substance abuse by the adult who suffered this exposure as a fetus (Brennan, Grekin, Mortensen, 2002, p. 50). The most common crimes such individuals engage in include; murder, attempted murder, robbery, rape, assault (including domestic assault), illegal possession of a weapon, theft, breaking and entering, fraud, forgery, blackmail, embezzlement, vandalism, prostitution, pimping, and narcotics offenses. It is important to note that there was no special relationship between the inclination to commit narcotic offences and fetal exposure to tobacco. This research also proved that, male offspring of such history is given to more aggression and violence than their female counterparts are. An interesting relationship was addressed between female offspring inclination to become dependent on substance abuse and exposure to tobacco in the womb (Brennan, Grekin, Mortensen, 2002, p. 52). It was proved that this relationship is linear, and that the aggression portrayed by these females is largely in the process of acquiring illicit substances. Therefore, future researchers seeking to address the issue of violence in female offspring exposed to tobacco in the uterus are advised to focus on disturbance reports and statements instead of charge records. Cocaine In addition to some defects associated with alcohol use such as reduced circumference of skull and growth defects, addicted cocaine users who continue to use it during pregnancy have various ill effects. These range from spontaneous abortions, abruption of placenta (these two are more common when cocaine is taken intravenously, they cause fetal hypoxemia), premature labor, precipitous deliveries, stillbirths, and me conium staining (Loebstein, Koren, 1997, p. 195). A cocaine-specific effect is prenatal cerebral infraction, which results from the constriction of the veins circulating blood in the cerebrum. Such a child will have difficulty with comprehension and expression. Recommendations Most researchers recommended that the therapists to be used in counseling addicted expectant women be friendlier and give the mothers hope in recovery. This can be made possible if we use therapists who are themselves recovering from dependence (Nulman, Rovet, Stewart, 1997, p. 262). Many proposed the inclusion of the more complex psychomotor development assessment to phase out physical assessment. Finally, some proposed the incorporation of prevention and intervention strategy development by future researchers (Larkby, Day, 1997, p. 197). Critical Analysis of a Key Concept I choose to analyze alcohol consumption by expectant women. Alcohol has been a social beverage since time immemorial and most people accept it, as it is not regarding the repercussions they subject themselves into when they consume it. However, some people consume it to ‘forgetâ⠂¬â„¢ their problems or as a way of coping with their stress issues. This study has proved that alcohol consumption is detrimental to fetal health. Every drink an expectant woman consumes is taken by her unborn baby as well. The effects of this are inhuman, as the baby will be damaged for life. They can be born already addicted to alcohol and suffering withdrawal symptoms, or with physical, mental and neurological deformations, which will affect them for life. Extreme cases of deformation are difficult on the mother as well. It is interesting to note that, there is no threshold amount of alcohol that a person can consume without risking his/her baby’s health. Most women in my community consume wine almost every night after dinner ‘for digestive purposes’. There is also the misled belief that wine is not too strong a drink. A simple sip at the wrong time of fetal development can wreak havoc on the baby’s IQ. It is also important to note that such a child wi ll always blame the mother for his condition, meaning that there will be a strained relationship at best with the child, in addition to the burden of raising a deformed child. Finally, statistics show that drinking is more common among Caucasian females that African Americans or Hispanics, and that it increase with the level of education. It is therefore important that we pay attention to these statistics and findings to protect our children from deformities at birth and in life. Conclusion This paper has looked into the effects of alcohol and substance during pregnancy on the newborn and on the mother-child relationship. It has surveyed the findings of authoritative researchers and compiled them to draw its conclusions on this phenomenon. It has also indicated the aims of the study as intending to create awareness among the youth, and policy makers on the adverse effects of drug use during pregnancy. It included recommendations for future researchers as well as for policy makers se eking to alleviate this growing problem, and finally, it critically analyses alcoholism in among women. I would advice all affected parties to pay attention to its findings to stay off trouble with drugs. References Brennan, A., Grekin R., Mortensen, E. (2002). Relationship of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy With Criminal Arrest and Hospitalization for Substance Abuse in Male and Female Adult Offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry , 3 (2), pp. 48-54. Clarren, K., Olson, C., Clarren, S., Astley S. (2002). A Child with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. In G. M. (ed.), Interdisciplinary Clinical Assessment of Young Children with Developmental Disabilities. Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Larkby, C. Day, N. (1997). The Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Alcohol Health   Research World , 4 (1), pp.192-197. Loebstein, R., Koren, G. (1997). Pregnancy Outcome and Neurodevelopment of Children Exposed In Utero to Psychoactive Drugs: The Motherisk Experience. Journal ofP sychiatry Neuroscience ,2(1), pp. 192-196. Nulman, I., Rovet, J., Stewart, D. (1997). Neurodevelopment Of Children Exposed In Utero To Antidepressant Drugs. The New England Journal of Medicine , 1 (1), pp. 258-262.

Change Management Plan

Change Management Plan Free Online Research Papers Achieving organizational change is one of the greatest challenges for any business leaders. Maintaining a successful organization takes time, effort, and determination. Once an organization achieves success, sustaining the success becomes a moving force. Crys Tel telecommunications, the company used in the Simulation needs to create a change management plan to keep up with the constant changes to compete with other telecommunication industry. This paper will attempt to cover the major implications of the change at Crys Tel, including any human behavior involvement; select a suitable change model for Crys Tel telecommunications. Components of the plan will tackle human characteristics and possible resistances to change to include contingency approaches for dealing with any resistance. Next, implement the right leadership style will be successful at Crys Tel telecommunications. Implement an administration and leadership practice that will add to the continuing accomplishment of the change and propose measures to monitor the progress of the change at Crys Tel. Last, evaluate three future leadership challenges that Crys Tel may face in the next five to ten years. According to the employee satisfaction and climate survey, the marketing department at Crys Tel telecommunication is facing employee and senior communication issues; does not provide mentoring activities to train less experienced employees who were affecting the company performance. The Sales and Delivery department does not follow a participative leadership style; does not have a history of taking risks, and does not proactively resolve conflicts. To influence change and improve performance, senior executive must find activities that will help these departments transform their weaknesses into strengths (University of Phoenix, 2010). A successful organization requires management dedication, and implementation plan, and buy-in from all employees (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003). These changes include encouraging team members to make decisions, assign mentors, encouraging ongoing communication and develop a conflict resolution system to address team dynamics. Understanding the potential implications of change within an organization is essential to managing any change proposal. While bringing about important changes in any organization entail a diligent effort on all the liable parties involved. The greatest barrier to change is resistant to change; dealing with and managing this resistance is the key to successfully implementing the change proposal. Anytime a change is encourage within a company and employees are reassign, promoted, or reassigned, cultural, and group dynamics alter are thrown into disequilibrium (Krietner Kinicki, 2003). Unintended cultural shifts within the organization should be used to strengthen the individual commitment to change. The most significant approach for Crys Tel to implement in managing resistance to change is to diminish and remove any forces of change. Communicating change entails promoting the benefits of the proposal to the employees within the organization. In an article titled â€Å"Managing resistance to change,† Philip Atkinson addressed handling objections through persuasive communication: Selecting a model for change Crys Tel Communication had the task of implementing change within the company to enhance contribution, encourage innovation, and improve communication within and between their departments. CrysTel telecommunication understands to remain competitive; the company must understand and be ready to respond to forces of change. â€Å"Organizations come across many diverse forces of change and these forces come from outside sources the organization and from inside sources† (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, p. 673). Change is an ongoing factor for all companies. With rapid and frequent advances in the telecommunications industry, Crys Tel is likely to face technological changes regularly (University of Phoenix, 2010). â€Å"Forces of change can come from either internal sources such as human resource problems or managerial behavior and decisions or external sources such as demographic characteristics, technology advancements, market changes and social and political pressures† (Kretiner Kinicki, 2003, p. 674-675). Crys Tel has to deal with internal and external forces. Crys Tel telecommunication is preparing to launch a combination of emerging telecommunications technologies to increase its products contributions to keep up with the changing demands of the market. Technological progress is made quickly in the telecommunications industry and Crys Tel has to stay focus on the forces of changes but also look at the target elements of change. â€Å"Target elements of change represent components of an organization that may be changed; change can be directed at realigning arrangements, social factors, methods, goals, and people† (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, p. 680). CrysTel telecommunication is in the course of restructuring their departments so they will be in a better position to support their company so they will be able to increase company’s current spot in the telecommunication industry. Recent employee satisfaction and climate surveys were used to identify target elements of change. The sales and delivery and marketing department face logistical and internal challenges that could have a negative outcome on the organization. These surveys revealed that Crys Tel has a large risk of resistance to change in the Sales and Marketing departments and several target of elements of change were also identified. The behavior parameter that was identifying in the survey showed what areas the departments were strong in and what areas need improvement. This information will be used to change the weaknesses into strengths in the Marketing and Sales and Delivery departments. Crys Tel is a telecommunication company that must keep up with the newest technological advances if they want to stay competitive and be able to make changes quickly. This means each department must be able to execute its function well individually and collectively as one organization. Crys Tel telecommunications should have a business philosophy that states that each department should be working together to work toward a common goal that will offer support for the individual departments and that each department has the necessary tools and information it needs to be successful. An appropriate change model for Crys Tel telecommunications would be the Lewin’s Change Model. The Lewin’s Change model consists of a three-stage plan to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. The stages used in this model are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, p. 677). The primary emphasis of the first stage is to create motivation to change by encouraging the individual to change old behaviors and mind-set with those preferred by management (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, p. 678). Benchmarking lets the company compare itself to other companies and study what techniques have worked best for them. Benchmarking is a technique that Crys Tel can used to accomplish this change. The employee and climate survey identified specific weaknesses in the sales and delivery and marketing departments was management, but the technology departments and human resources showed areas of major strengths. Crys Tel could benchmark the leadership practices of the stronger departments and use related techniques within the weaker departments to increase th e needed changes. The next stage in the model changing that involves learning, employees learn from new information given in a new way of looking at something. Using the benchmarking from stage one, would allow the employees to see directly how successful leaders operate within their own company and receive advice on a regular basis from their peers. This outlook will encourage the sales and delivery and marketing department’s leaders to learn the required concepts to maintain the change process, even when the team experiences resistance. The last stage of the Lewin’ Change Model is Refreezing. The change behavior and attitudes are incorporate during this stage and employees have the chance to exhibit the change behavior and attitudes that follow by positive reinforcement. Additional coaching and modeling can be used to reinforce the desire change (Kreitner-Kinicki, 2003, p. 679). The Lewin’s Change Model is an outline of organizational development that the Crys Tel leadership has used to implement change. One of the techniques used was employee surveys. Another technique used was to initiate activities that would help the Marketing and Sales and Delivery departments change their weakness into strengths. â€Å"Organizational development constitutes a set of procedures or interventions used to implement organizational change† (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, 682). The plan should address human variables and possible resistance to change. Change is an issue for companies in all industries. Crys Tel telecommunications must accept change and develop contingency plans to handle resistance to change. In an organization a number of changes with the leader and sometimes hurried by shareholders, clients or the needs and personality of the person in charge. Effective and ineffective methods to implementing change, depends on the organizational culture, leaders, and client base (Singel, 2005). Prior to managing resistance to change, Crys Tel telecommunications leadership must first identify why employees resist change. This information will give them a better understanding of why employees act the way they do and will help the leadership to work with individuals employees. A number of reasons people resist change is fear of the unknown or that something may go wrong. Employees fear not being able to implement the change or take part in the change after implementation. Some employees do not see the need to change or may be comfortable and do not want to change. Employees who resist change do not see how they will benefit from the change until it is put into practice. The approach used to manage resistance to change should be based on the organizational structure, culture, power structures, and politics found at Crys Tel telecommunications. Leaders can use different approaches to implement change; one is let the employees know how the change will work for them. Leadership should inform all employees the reason for the changes are being made. A thorough plan that explains to the employees is another strategy that can be used by Crys Tel telecommunication. Crys Tel telecommunication can also set up training to help the employees to learn and understand what is needed to implement the change and be able to ask questions concerning the change. Leadership should be open to suggestions and be available to assist the employees through the change process. Involvement by Crys Tel leadership could help motivate the employees to help with the chan ge process instead of resisting. Successfully selecting the appropriate leadership style that will have the greatest outcome on Crys Tel organizations, the appropriate leadership style will be conventional to a situation or event that can also entail the employment of more than one leadership style at the same time. Three styles of leadership include transformational, charismatic, and transactional. â€Å"Transactional leadership assist companies to accomplish the current goals more proficiently, like connecting job performance to valued rewards and making sure that employees have the resources needed to get the job done† (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 428). Charismatic leadership uses a person’s personality to influence employees. Leaders who possess this style usually are friendly and inspiring. â€Å"Transformational leadership is a leadership perception that clarify how leaders change teams or organizations by developing, corresponding, and planning a vision for the organization or work unit, a nd encouraging employees to strive for that vision† (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 428). Crys Tel must decide which of the three leadership styles to use in the event that the organization decides to implement a major change. Although it would be good to have a combination of all three styles, but the only style that would be most effective in ensuring the success of the change is transformational leadership style. This style would be more beneficial because it gives the employees something to work toward. This style helps give direction to each of the departments. Transactional leadership would not have as much of an affect because the work procedures of the company are not current issues. Charismatic leadership can win employees over but it takes more than personality to the job. The Sales and Delivery and Marketing Departments at Crys Tel have experienced high employee turnover and job dissatisfaction. Crys Tel should think about establishing a program that will encourage employees to set goals, both personal and professional, and set up a reward system for the reaching the goals. Crys Tel telecommunications need to develop an approach to handle the different departments in the organization. Leadership should encourage and encourage all employees to help increase team viability. â€Å"Team viability is defined as the team member satisfaction and continued willingness to contribute† (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, 451). Every leader has at least one follower. The present leadership industry is develop on the intention that leaders matter a great deal and followers hardly at all (Kellerman, 2007). Emotional labor should be used with each strategy, emotional labor is the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions d uring interpersonal transactions (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 126). Measures to Monitor Change Some measures that can be apply to monitor change at Crys Tel telecommunication; feedback is one measure that can be used to monitor progress at Crys Tel telecommunications. Feedback should come from every employee particularly those impacted by the change. These are the employees who should be capable of telling the leadership if the changes are working and what other areas need improvement. Follow-up is another measure than can be used to monitor the progress of the change. Follow-up would permit management at Crys Tel to see if the change model is working. A third measure that can be use is surveys. Surveys are a good way to receive feedback because employee surveys are employee’s insight and suggestions for improvement and provide the organization with valuable information that can be very helpful to increase satisfaction in the workplace and it also let you know how well the change is working. Future leadership challenges that Crys Tel may face in the next five to ten years deal with change. Changes in leadership are a potential challenge that can happen at any level along with administrative changes. This includes changes in the mission and values and the culture at Crys Tel telecommunications. Another challenge that leaders will face is trying to inspire and motivate their peers and subordinates. A third challenge Crys Tel will face understands culture differences in society and the impact on their employees. This diversity range from gender to race to age to nationality and language; the changing nature of the workforce include people from such diverse backgrounds will require and understanding of cultural differences to better understand and motivate both subordinates and peers. The last challenge Crys Tel will face is keeping a cohesive environment in which everyone is working toward the same goals and objectives. To create a cohesive environment, you must cre ate a buy-in; get the individuals to buy-in; create ownership by asking them suggestions on projects. A cohesive environment increases productivity; improve the organizations bottom-line and improves employee’s morale. Conflict happens in all companies. Conflict creates a challenge in which Crys Tel must take a hands-on approach toward resolving probable issues through conflict management. â€Å"Conflict management is the interventions that change the level, and form of conflict in a way that make the most of its benefits and minimize its dysfunctional consequences† (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 390). The first step would be for the leadership to determine in which conflict started. The six sources of conflict are communication problems, incompatible goals, different values and beliefs, task interdependence, scare resources and ambiguous rules (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 391). With this data, the leadership at Crys Tel can use this information to develop conflict management techniques. Some conflict management techniques can be used to improve performance at Crys Tel telecommunication. The method for Crys Tel to use when faced with conflict is to attempt for a win-win situation wit h employees. â€Å"Win-win orientation is the belief that the parties will find mutually beneficial solution to their disagreement† (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, 394). This method generally causes a boost in employee morale that in turn improves performance. Additional methods to manage conflict include negotiation, avoiding, forcing, yielding, and compromising (McShane and Von Glinow, 2004, p. 396). The method that is used should be based on the type of conflict and the employees involved. The most possible resolution to conflict management would be problem solving. Using a successful current-oriented problem solving and solution development approach allow a leader to identify the right problem, decide upon a wise solution, and avoid many of the derailers of leadership. This approach incorporates objective and intuitive factors (University of Phoenix, 2007). Risk management and follow-up are also need as a part of this process. Conclusion Crys Tel must be ready to implement changes quickly to remain competitive. Major implications of the change at Crys Tel including human behavior implications were identified. Lewin’s Change Model was the appropriate change model selected for Crys Tel communications. The Lewin’s Change Model explains how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process (Kreitner Kinicki, 2004, p. 677). A plan that concentrates on human variables and possible resistance to change that was developed to include contingency approaches for manage any resistance. Transformational leadership was the suitable leadership style for effectively implementing the change at Crys Tel telecommunications. Some management and leadership practices that will help add to the accomplishment of the changes recommended included empowering employees, goal-setting and establishing a reward system. Measures to monitor the improvement of the change at Crys Tel telecommunications were feedback, surveys, and follow-up. Three future leadership challenges that Crys Tel telecommunications may face in the next five to ten years were analyzed included leadership, culture, mission, values, and conflict. Crys Tel telecommunications has a great deal to gain by implementing a successful change model. Reference Kellerman, B. (2007). What Every Leader Needs to Know About Followers. Retrieved January 26, 2010 from EBSCOhost database Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (2004). Organizational Behavior: Group Social Process. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. McShane, S., Von Glinow, M. (2004). Organizational Behavior. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Singel, J. (2005). Changing is inevitable. Retrieved January 26, 2010 from EBSCOhost database University of Phoenix. (2004). Building a Culture for Sustaining Change [Simulation]. Retrieved January 26, 2010 from University of Phoenix, rEsource, MMPBL520-Transformational Leadership Website. University of Phoenix. (2009). Problem Solving Based Scenarios: An Approach to Identify Opportunities to Create Value for the Business. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from https://www.mycampus.phoenix.edu Research Papers on Change Management PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

McDonald Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

McDonald - Research Paper Example McDonald’s is popular for its Big Mac Burger, Fries, several soft drinks and different fast food items. The company believes in serving the food of supreme quality with value added customer service. The business operation of McDonald’s reflects in their mission and vision statement. They kept promises by serving quality food product in order to satisfy customers. People of present era choose McDonald’s outlet for dine out in order to attend several corporate meeting, family and friends get together, celebrating birthday parties and many other reasons (Schroff & Tresnowski, 2012). McDonald’s is not only the leader of US but they have successfully dominating the global fast food industry. Brand extension is one of the important marketing strategies which helps the organization to increase their customer base and can impact on the business performance of the particular company. The brand extension or the product line extension strategy of McDonald’s may recognize the negative impact of the McDonalds’ happy meal and restrain child obesity through product line extension. The brand extension strategy of McDonald’s may feature the CSR activity in order to promote healthy fast food for children. Fast food is the junk food that increases the fat and calorie level of human body. Moreover, the consumption of fast food results children obesity. These issues affected on the business performance of McDonald’s in US. American Dietetic Association, Food and Drug administration, centre for science in the public interest, Harvard school of public health and the physicians committee for responsible medicine has opposed the marketing strategies of McDonald’s. Moreover, the government restricted the television promotion of the newly launched food products targeting the kids. The research work mainly focused on the key turning points in order to develop the problem statements

Masuring Health and Diseases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Masuring Health and Diseases - Essay Example The ill effect of the drugs can also be seen in the increasing number of the criminals in jails which clearly demonstrates the association between drugs and crime. Measuring substance abuse is a significant area in the medical field. Modern science has implemented many different ways to estimate the impact of treatment on drug abuse. Farrokh Alemi & Heibatollah Baghi in their online article, Measurement of Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes Over Time, rightly identify these ways as; â€Å"percentage of positive drug tests, probability of drug use, percentage of patients abstaining from any use, total number of days of use, daily probability use and average days till next use†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Alemi and Heibatollah). It makes clear the fact that measuring health related with substance abuse has an elite role in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. The journal article entitled How Science Has Revolutionized the Understanding of Drug Addiction by Nora D. Volkow illustrates the issue of drug addiction and its diagnosis. Author leads the reader to think about various health issues related with drug abuse especially among the adolescents. Measuring diseases and health deterioration is a significant area of measurement in the process of diagnosing health issues related with drug abuse. Author’s comment permits the reader to modify his/her existing knowledge about health problems related with drug abuse. In this respect one can advocate authors view; â€Å"Tobacco use killed approximately 100 million people during the 20th century and, if current smoking trends continue, the cumulative death toll for this century has been projected to reach 1 billion† (Addiction and Health). Adolescent who follow the practices of drug abuse often show the symptoms of low academic performance, early drop out of school, and unplanned pre gnancies. Severe